Recovering From Abuse: A Guide To Healing w. Jennifer Parker
AwakenHer with Corissa SteppMay 30, 2024x
5
00:42:3129.24 MB

Recovering From Abuse: A Guide To Healing w. Jennifer Parker

Welcome to a transformative episode where we delve deep into the aftermath of abusive relationships and uncover the tools and strategies for healing and empowerment. Join me as I speak with Jennifer Parker, an experienced therapist and author, who sheds light on the crucial steps toward recovery, co-parenting post-abuse, and fostering resilience for a stronger future.


In this episode, you’ll: 

  1. Learn about heart and brain coherence, gratitude practices, and journaling as means of navigating the emotional landscape post-separation.
  2. Discover the importance of building a support network and utilizing nature and storytelling as healing modalities.
  3. Understand the process of noticing red flags and how to assertively uphold personal boundaries.


Resources Mentioned:


  • Jennifer's Book: "Coercive Relationships: Find the Answers You Seek" - Available below
  • HeartMath: A resource for tools on heart and brain coherence.
  • Books by Bill Eddy and Caitlin Gillis: For understanding and managing post-separation abuse.


Connect with Jennifer Parker: 

Jennifer’s Book: https://www.blackrosewriting.com/nonfiction/coerciverelationships

Read Jennifer’s Blog: https://madisonmentalhealthcounselor.com/blog

LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/jennifercparkermssw/

Instagram: ​​https://www.instagram.com/jenniferc.parker/


Send us a Text Message to let us know what you thought of this episode!

________________________

Corissa is a Holistic Trauma-Informed Coach & Narcissistic Abuse Specialist™ who empowers women after they’ve endured narcissist trauma to rediscover who they are, reclaim their power, and find the clarity and courage to move forward and live a life they love. Corissa is also a recovering people-pleaser and codependent who has endured way too many narcissistic relationships to count! She coaches not only from her knowledge and training but also from the wisdom she has gained from her own healing journey.

Book a FREE 30-min Clarity Call HERE.

Ways to connect with Corissa:

Podcast Website
Website: www.corissastepp.com
Book: The Savvy Girl's Guide to Thriving Beyond Narcissistic Abuse
Instagram: @corissastepp
Facebook: Corissa Stepp
Free Quiz: Is My Partner a Narcissist?

We'd love to hear what you think so message us on IG. If you enjoyed this episode, please subscribe, rate, review, or share it so we can reac...

[00:00:00] When we're going to respond to an email or responding to a text,

[00:00:03] chat GPT is actually amazing to rewrite it where it's brief,

[00:00:09] it's informative, it's non-emotional and it's firm.

[00:00:13] I don't want to rock the boat that makes me feel uncomfortable.

[00:00:17] Welcome to Awaken Her, the podcast where women find their strength

[00:00:21] and transform their pain into power.

[00:00:24] I'm Corissa Stepp, your guide on this journey of healing, growth and empowerment.

[00:00:30] Here we share the real stories of women who have faced life's toughest challenges

[00:00:35] and emerged stronger together with expert insights to light your path forward.

[00:00:40] Whether you're seeking to heal, grow or empower your life after heartache,

[00:00:45] Awaken Her is here to show you that not only is change possible,

[00:00:49] but you are capable of achieving more than you ever imagined.

[00:00:54] Let's dive into today's episode and take another step towards

[00:00:57] becoming your most empowered self.

[00:01:01] Welcome to Awaken Her.

[00:01:03] I'm your host, Corissa Stepp.

[00:01:04] Today, I'm going to be chatting with Jennifer Parker,

[00:01:08] who's been a guest on the show before.

[00:01:10] She is a therapist who specializes in intimate partner abuse.

[00:01:14] As a result of her work and the inspiration that she has received

[00:01:18] from working with all of these incredible survivors,

[00:01:21] she has also written a book called Coercive Relationships,

[00:01:25] Find the Answers You Seek.

[00:01:27] So today I have invited Jennifer to come back onto the show

[00:01:30] because we had an amazing conversation back in the fall

[00:01:34] about what a coercive relationship is, what it looks like,

[00:01:38] how we can begin to identify if we're in a coercive relationship.

[00:01:42] And today is part two of that conversation

[00:01:45] where we're going to be chatting about what to do now that we know

[00:01:49] if we have identified that we have been in a coercive relationship,

[00:01:52] how do we survive it? How do we get through it?

[00:01:55] How do we build resilience to become more empowered

[00:01:59] after we've experienced something that has been so hugely impactful

[00:02:03] on our own well-being?

[00:02:05] How do we pull through so that we can rise from the ashes, I will say.

[00:02:09] Jennifer, thanks for being here.

[00:02:10] I love that image, rising from the ashes.

[00:02:13] Yes. Thank you for having me again.

[00:02:15] Yeah. So what...

[00:02:17] Can we just start off the conversation here with

[00:02:19] what are some things that people can do

[00:02:21] if they recognize that they are getting out of

[00:02:23] or they've been in a coercive relationship?

[00:02:26] What can they begin to do to start to recover from that?

[00:02:29] Wonderful question. I'm glad we're focusing on that.

[00:02:32] And you know what? They're already doing something.

[00:02:34] If they are a survivor watching this podcast or listening to this podcast,

[00:02:39] this is something that's very important

[00:02:41] because when you're in an abusive relationship,

[00:02:43] often your information, you know, they cut off contact or isolate

[00:02:47] or you just don't have the energy to be looking for it.

[00:02:49] Finding those sources that are inspirational to you,

[00:02:52] that give you information about what's been going on

[00:02:55] or what did go on in your relationship is very important.

[00:02:58] So that might be podcasts, books, joining Facebook groups,

[00:03:02] whatever fits for that person.

[00:03:04] And certainly also reaching out to other people

[00:03:07] so that they're not isolated,

[00:03:09] maybe joining a support group, those kinds of things.

[00:03:11] So that's a very, very important thing that I want to just say.

[00:03:15] And then as part of that, and I know...

[00:03:18] So what I'm about to say is gonna be different

[00:03:22] is going... people are gonna respond to that differently

[00:03:24] depending on whether they're still in the relationship

[00:03:27] or they're already out of it.

[00:03:28] So I just want to recognize that.

[00:03:30] When I'm talking about doing things,

[00:03:32] I want you to know that I know that if you're still in that relationship,

[00:03:35] it's much more difficult to do those things.

[00:03:38] And I'll try to talk about maybe some ways that you can use them.

[00:03:41] But just bear in mind, don't feel shame because,

[00:03:44] oh, I can't do that because that's just normal.

[00:03:47] And so what you do is you begin to do it a step at a time.

[00:03:50] The very most important thing, getting information, I said,

[00:03:54] but also connecting to people

[00:03:56] because frequently you've become isolated

[00:04:00] either because your partner wouldn't allow you to be around friends or family

[00:04:04] or go to church or whatever your source of community is,

[00:04:08] or you begin to feel so bad about yourself that you withdraw

[00:04:12] or you don't want people to know what's going on.

[00:04:15] And so both of those things can act together.

[00:04:17] And so finding ways to reconnect is really important.

[00:04:20] And I know how hard that can be if you're still in the relationship.

[00:04:24] Sometimes the first connection that you make is maybe a helper of some kind,

[00:04:28] a therapist, a coach, somebody who understands what you're going through.

[00:04:32] Maybe it's joining a support group.

[00:04:34] There are domestic violence programs

[00:04:36] that hopefully are in your area that you can contact.

[00:04:40] So sometimes that's the first way to begin to do that.

[00:04:42] And then reaching out if you have become estranged from people,

[00:04:47] reaching out, letting them know what's going on as you can.

[00:04:50] But it's so important because we are social beings

[00:04:54] and we can't do this all by ourselves.

[00:04:56] And so if you're feeling helpless, hopeless,

[00:04:59] it's like we need those connections.

[00:05:01] So I really encourage that.

[00:05:02] When you've been in an abusive relationship...

[00:05:05] Well, first of all, let me back up a little bit.

[00:05:06] I'd like for people who have been in an abusive relationship

[00:05:10] to imagine a time when they have maybe they've been verbally abused

[00:05:16] and that it's really caused them to have very strong emotions,

[00:05:21] to be extremely upset.

[00:05:22] Maybe they're frustrated, maybe they're angry,

[00:05:25] maybe they're feeling helpless and sad.

[00:05:27] But to know that is the setting in which I'm talking about using these

[00:05:31] and kind of imagine what it might be like to use some of these things.

[00:05:36] OK?

[00:05:37] But I don't want you to do it to the extent

[00:05:41] that it's like you're feeling those emotions, strong emotions again.

[00:05:44] Just remember, OK, this is a time

[00:05:45] when maybe I could have used this.

[00:05:47] If you are not someone who's been in an intimate partner abuse relationship,

[00:05:51] see yourself as a possible ally to someone who has been.

[00:05:55] And so see maybe you can't imagine these things,

[00:05:58] but you can.

[00:05:59] All of us have been through times where we get extremely angry

[00:06:03] with our sister or our friend or whatever.

[00:06:05] We have some strong emotion or maybe we're feeling jealous or whatever.

[00:06:09] And so you can imagine times when you could also use these things.

[00:06:13] OK?

[00:06:13] So we talked about how important it is to have a support network.

[00:06:17] So for some people, talking to someone is the most important thing,

[00:06:21] is to be able to tell their story, to be able to do that.

[00:06:26] However, it's not always possible to talk to someone,

[00:06:29] either because you don't have those someone's in your life right now,

[00:06:32] but also because they're just not going to be available all the time.

[00:06:36] So it's important to have some other ways to help yourself with that.

[00:06:39] Some grounding to be able to center yourself,

[00:06:42] to get back to yourself.

[00:06:43] So one thing that is kind of universally helpful for many people

[00:06:49] is to be in nature, to just take a moment to walk and so forth.

[00:06:53] And so I just want to recognize that is something that many people can use.

[00:06:57] However, we can't always use it.

[00:06:59] So an immediate thing that you can do is to focus on your breathing.

[00:07:04] So just imagine taking a deep breath or take a deep breath right now

[00:07:08] and let it out and do that.

[00:07:12] Take two or three and just notice what that does for your body.

[00:07:15] When I was working with people as a therapist,

[00:07:19] I would often when I first met them and we were beginning to look at

[00:07:23] what would be helpful in terms of managing the strong emotions they're feeling,

[00:07:27] I would have them do that for a couple of minutes in my office

[00:07:30] and I'd do it with them.

[00:07:31] So it's not like, oh, I'm watching you like a hawk.

[00:07:33] I would do it too.

[00:07:35] And then I'd ask them, so how did that go for you?

[00:07:37] Because it works for many, many people, but not everybody.

[00:07:40] So I don't want anybody to feel like something's wrong with them.

[00:07:43] If it doesn't work, it doesn't work for everybody.

[00:07:46] However, give it a try and that can reset oftentimes your emotions.

[00:07:52] If that does not work,

[00:07:54] I have something that's been helpful for pretty much everybody.

[00:07:58] I can't remember anybody that wasn't helpful

[00:08:01] in terms of resetting their emotions.

[00:08:03] And that's something I call five, five, five.

[00:08:07] That means they focus on five things

[00:08:09] that they see and take their time about it.

[00:08:11] There's an abundance, usually, of many things to see.

[00:08:14] So just name it to yourself or if you're by yourself,

[00:08:17] you can name it out loud.

[00:08:18] And then you name five things that you hear

[00:08:22] and then you name five things that you feel in your body.

[00:08:25] Now, that doesn't mean an emotion.

[00:08:27] It's a sensation in your body.

[00:08:30] So maybe it's the feeling of your feet on the floor

[00:08:33] or your leg crossed across another or a headache or tension in your neck.

[00:08:39] Things like that.

[00:08:40] So name five of those and then go back and do four of each of those

[00:08:44] and then three of each of those and then two of each of those and then one.

[00:08:49] And you can do it more than that whole set, more than once.

[00:08:52] But generally speaking, that really brings you into the moment.

[00:08:56] It takes you out of your head,

[00:08:58] maybe racing thoughts or disturbing thoughts

[00:09:00] that you're having trouble not thinking about it really takes you out of your head,

[00:09:04] grounds you in the moment in your body.

[00:09:07] And that can be really helpful in terms of resetting.

[00:09:10] I love that.

[00:09:11] And, you know, as a somatic coach, I do a lot of that work with my clients.

[00:09:14] Like we do a lot of different somatic tools to ground them

[00:09:17] when they're feeling emotionally dysregulated.

[00:09:19] So I love those tips.

[00:09:21] Those are amazing tips.

[00:09:23] And I just wanted to touch on real quick the breathing part.

[00:09:26] So the breathing part,

[00:09:28] the thing that I find that is most helpful is not just taking the deep breaths

[00:09:31] because I mean, that helps, but it's more of lengthening your exhale

[00:09:36] versus your inhale, because then you're signaling to your brain that you're safe.

[00:09:40] If you think about when we're in danger or we're feeling threatened,

[00:09:44] we're breathing very much up in our upper chest and it's very shallow.

[00:09:47] But if you're breathing and you're able to exhale for twice as long as your

[00:09:51] inhale, you actually stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system

[00:09:55] and signal to the brain that everything is OK,

[00:09:58] because you wouldn't be able to take that long exhale if you were running

[00:10:01] from danger or fleeing from danger.

[00:10:04] Thank you for adding that, because it's so true.

[00:10:06] And brain science is so helpful in terms of working with people to having them

[00:10:10] understand how the brain works, the fact that maybe they have panic

[00:10:15] attacks or have a very difficult time centering themselves.

[00:10:19] It has everything to do with the trauma that they've gone through.

[00:10:21] So learning about the brain is really important.

[00:10:24] Something that is so I mentioned nature exercise is certainly a good way to

[00:10:29] de-stress the body.

[00:10:31] Journaling, I found, is really helpful, certainly for myself.

[00:10:35] It's something that I've used.

[00:10:37] I've used all these things.

[00:10:38] Me too.

[00:10:38] Journaling is extremely helpful in terms of, first of all, getting it out,

[00:10:43] whatever it is you're feeling.

[00:10:44] So think of it as a venting.

[00:10:46] And for some people, they maybe like to do that in one journal and do

[00:10:50] what I'm going to recommend next in another journal.

[00:10:53] That's totally up to you whether that's helpful.

[00:10:55] The reason it can be helpful to just do the venting part is usually

[00:10:59] talking about, this is what he said or she said and this happened again and I'm

[00:11:04] so upset about it.

[00:11:05] That can be helpful to have in one place because if you tend to doubt

[00:11:10] yourself down the road, if they start making promises or they're being nice

[00:11:14] one day and you think, well, maybe it's not so bad.

[00:11:17] If you're that person, then having that to remind yourself can be really

[00:11:20] helpful.

[00:11:21] Or if you're being gaslit, right?

[00:11:23] Because then you could be like, oh, wait, no, that did happen.

[00:11:25] He did say that.

[00:11:26] And I don't have to doubt that.

[00:11:28] He's telling me he didn't say it.

[00:11:29] I'm like, I haven't no, I've written down in my journal.

[00:11:31] Yes.

[00:11:32] But then it isn't just about venting.

[00:11:33] Also use your journal to begin to reflect, to begin to remember, well,

[00:11:38] this is what my therapist said or this is what I read about or saw on a

[00:11:42] podcast and ask yourself questions to answer the questions like, so what

[00:11:47] would what can I do now?

[00:11:48] What would be best for me to do?

[00:11:50] Maybe I just need to sit and breathe for a little bit, whatever that is.

[00:11:54] How can I think about this differently?

[00:11:56] Sometimes that can be really helpful if somebody, maybe not the abusive

[00:12:02] person, but somebody else has kind of triggered you.

[00:12:04] How can I begin to think about this differently?

[00:12:06] What do I need to do next?

[00:12:08] So that can be extremely helpful, especially when you don't have another

[00:12:12] person around.

[00:12:13] But I found it helpful in terms of if I'm really upset with somebody

[00:12:17] really just thinking through, yeah, I can vent a little bit, but then,

[00:12:21] OK, what's going to be helpful here?

[00:12:23] What do I need to do next?

[00:12:24] How can I handle this in a constructive way?

[00:12:27] Those kinds of things.

[00:12:28] It needs to be safe and private.

[00:12:30] So if you're in a situation where that's not the case, you need to take steps

[00:12:34] to either keep it private, whether that's a, I don't know, a password

[00:12:37] document or you do it at your sister's and you leave it there or at work

[00:12:42] or whatever that might be.

[00:12:44] Yeah, that's what I was going to touch on.

[00:12:45] So thank you for bringing that up because that is really important.

[00:12:48] I've heard way too many stories of women who have had their journals or

[00:12:52] their diaries read by their abusive partner, and it can really just cause a

[00:12:56] very unsafe situation because the abuse can escalate and things can get used

[00:13:00] against them, especially even like in a divorce situation.

[00:13:04] So it's really, really important.

[00:13:06] Thank you for bringing that up, that they need to keep it safe.

[00:13:08] I know that there's apps that you can put on your phone where you have to

[00:13:11] have a password to get into it, that you can just literally type things out

[00:13:16] on your phone or write it out and then just save it there.

[00:13:19] And that's really helpful.

[00:13:20] So thank you.

[00:13:21] Now, we know that gratitude is a great reset in terms of emotions.

[00:13:26] And someone might be thinking, well, how can I be grateful when this is

[00:13:29] going on in my life and totally get that?

[00:13:32] And usually people can think of things they are grateful for if it's the

[00:13:36] flower that they just saw outside or the sun is shining today.

[00:13:41] It's a beautiful day.

[00:13:42] Or I'm so glad my children are in my life or whatever it might be really

[00:13:47] doing that because it's a great reset.

[00:13:49] It's not, it doesn't fix a problem, but it gets you in the right mindset to be

[00:13:54] more proactive for yourself, to be able to think more clearly because when

[00:13:58] we're anxious, when we're afraid, when we're angry, we don't think as clearly.

[00:14:03] And brain science, you know, teaches us that it's like our brains and our

[00:14:07] hearts are not working together.

[00:14:09] I'm forgetting the expression for that.

[00:14:11] That heart math is a really wonderful resource if anybody's interested in

[00:14:15] looking into that.

[00:14:17] But it really focuses on tools of bringing gratitude to your heart, feeling

[00:14:21] appreciation and then asking yourself, OK, now what do I need to do about this

[00:14:26] problem?

[00:14:27] Yeah, I love that.

[00:14:28] And there's definitely something to be sad for that stinking thinking

[00:14:32] because we just create like a feedback loop.

[00:14:35] And so it just creates more negative things and we start to focus more and

[00:14:38] more on the negative.

[00:14:39] So I love that you're suggesting that we have a gratitude practice because

[00:14:42] it can be really helpful with getting into more of a positive thinking,

[00:14:46] positive feedback loop in the brain.

[00:14:48] And yes, that heart-brain coherence is really important.

[00:14:51] The mind, body, spirit, heart connection, all of it.

[00:14:55] So I talked about journaling.

[00:14:58] I talked about talking to someone.

[00:15:00] It's just extremely important to focus on what you think and feel,

[00:15:05] what you're learning about what's happening in your life, be able to do

[00:15:09] that. And it's very difficult because if you're still in the abusive relationship

[00:15:14] and even sometimes when you're not, because we know that there's such a thing

[00:15:17] as post-separation abuse where they still continue to do things that are very

[00:15:21] disturbing, that disturb your life.

[00:15:24] Maybe they constantly you make plans because they're having the children

[00:15:28] and then they change those kinds of things.

[00:15:30] And so it's really important to focus on being able to figure out what

[00:15:37] you want and to bring yourself back to that.

[00:15:39] So that's where journaling can really help not noticing, OK, he or she wants

[00:15:44] to fight about this again and not getting and learning how not to get

[00:15:47] engaged with that.

[00:15:49] You don't have to explain over and over and over again why it's not OK

[00:15:54] for them to change the plans at the last minute.

[00:15:56] You can just say that doesn't work for me and set a limit with that.

[00:16:00] Let's say it's on the telephone.

[00:16:02] I'm assuming now that you're in a safe place, you're not like with

[00:16:05] somebody who's threatening you physically.

[00:16:07] So learning those techniques and I have some resources, I can mention them now,

[00:16:12] but you might want to put them in the program notes of things to do, books

[00:16:16] that are really helpful, tools that are really helpful.

[00:16:19] Bill Addy is really good.

[00:16:21] Caitlin Gillis, who wrote a book called It's Not High Conflict,

[00:16:26] It's Post-separation Abuse, because oftentimes some therapists and some

[00:16:31] family court they see the relationship as high conflict instead of

[00:16:34] recognizing that it's one person who is exercising power and control over

[00:16:38] the other, who's constantly gaslighting or doing those kinds of things.

[00:16:43] And so those kinds of books really have a wealth of information about how

[00:16:47] to respond to that because what we tend to want to do, you know,

[00:16:51] we're nice people, we want to be nice, we want to listen and not interrupt

[00:16:55] and so forth. And that does not work well when somebody is trying to have

[00:16:59] keeps interrupting you and keeps going on the same pathway of how terrible

[00:17:03] person you are because you wanted to divorce them, for instance,

[00:17:06] those kinds of things. And so it's important to get out of the framework

[00:17:10] of, oh, I need to be nice to this person.

[00:17:13] Not that you need to be nasty because that doesn't work either

[00:17:17] for you or in your favor, but that you just need to stay neutral,

[00:17:21] stay firm. There's something called BIF. Keep it brief, keep it informative,

[00:17:26] keep it firm. And the other F is friendly.

[00:17:30] I see that as neutral. It's not like you're trying to be friends.

[00:17:33] It's that you're not being hostile, so neutral.

[00:17:36] That's so helpful. Like that little acronym is just if you can just keep

[00:17:39] that in the back of your mind, that can be so helpful just to reaffirm

[00:17:42] and reassure that like you're following this very simple method of being

[00:17:46] brief, being informative, but being firm and not hostile or friendly.

[00:17:51] I love that.

[00:17:52] And if you are dealing with post-separation abuse, it can be really

[00:17:55] helpful to not have in-person, to keep things pretty much in written form,

[00:18:00] especially if you're going through a divorce because then that serves as

[00:18:04] evidence. So email is better. Maybe text depends.

[00:18:09] Text can be very harassing.

[00:18:10] So I think email is the better kind of form.

[00:18:13] And then if you get something that's really disturbing,

[00:18:16] you also have the advantage of you can pause.

[00:18:19] You don't have to respond right away and you can run it by somebody else.

[00:18:23] It's like this really doesn't seem right.

[00:18:25] What do you think?

[00:18:26] You know, because self-doubt can creep in too easily,

[00:18:29] especially when they're continually telling you you're wrong.

[00:18:32] And so it's really helpful to be able to check it out with somebody else.

[00:18:36] Maybe it's a therapist, but maybe it's a friend, someone you can trust that

[00:18:40] is going to be helpful to you and objective and supportive.

[00:18:43] The one thing that I think is actually really helpful if we look at this

[00:18:46] from when we're going to respond to an email or responding to a text,

[00:18:51] chat GPT is actually amazing where you can literally write down

[00:18:56] how you would want to respond, everything you would want to say.

[00:18:59] And then you can ask chat GPT to rewrite it where it is again,

[00:19:03] it's exactly what you said, where it's brief, it's informative,

[00:19:07] it's non-emotional and it's firm.

[00:19:10] And this way you can get it all out and then you can have this filter

[00:19:13] to run it through and chat GPT can actually rewrite the entire response in a

[00:19:17] way that takes all the emotions out of it and can be really helpful for you,

[00:19:21] especially if you're in a very agitated or emotionally dysregulated state.

[00:19:25] I have not thought about that, but that is excellent.

[00:19:28] I'm glad you brought that up.

[00:19:30] I'm learning more and more about AI and thinking,

[00:19:33] you know, beginning to see, yes, it can be useful.

[00:19:36] I'm going to have it creating all my content.

[00:19:38] But I love that because, yes, I was just listening to an Ezra Klein show

[00:19:42] where they were talking about, you can tell it how you want to be

[00:19:46] and then ask it to kind of spit out information and then you can change

[00:19:51] whatever you want to change. Exactly. It's awesome. That's great.

[00:19:54] The other thing that I was going to mention that you brought up that I

[00:19:56] thought was really interesting is that that post separation abuse,

[00:20:00] I do feel like we did, I had a podcast guest on that we talked about this,

[00:20:03] but one of the things that can be really hard is obviously like you can

[00:20:07] get out of a relationship with an abuser, but if you have children with them,

[00:20:10] that's where it can get really sticky and dicey and they can start dragging

[00:20:15] the kids into the chaos as well.

[00:20:17] Do you have suggestions for how women or survivors in general can start to

[00:20:22] manage that in a way where they can protect their children and their

[00:20:27] relationship with their kids?

[00:20:28] Because I know sometimes there can even be parental alienation that can

[00:20:31] happen, and that's really hard and really painful.

[00:20:34] I know extremely painful.

[00:20:36] In fact, many people would say that's the most painful thing that ever

[00:20:39] happened in terms of the coercive control.

[00:20:42] Well, the sad thing is sometimes you cannot protect your children the way

[00:20:46] you would like to, unfortunately, especially if the family court

[00:20:50] counseling does not get what's going on in your relationship.

[00:20:53] So sometimes, you know, I've had to work with people on that.

[00:20:55] There's these skills that I mentioned that you can learn through

[00:20:59] Bill Eddy and Caitlin Gillis, and there's also work that you can do

[00:21:04] in terms of how do you handle what your children come home and say?

[00:21:07] That can be really difficult.

[00:21:09] Sometimes the children understand, you know, they see mom and dad and how

[00:21:12] different it is, but other times they begin to be misled by the person

[00:21:17] who's being coercive, who's saying, Dad, things about you.

[00:21:20] It can be really helpful to work with a therapist or to work with

[00:21:24] someone in terms of how to not put down the other parent, but at the

[00:21:30] same time, be firm and be able to talk to the children about what's going on.

[00:21:34] It is OK to say, your other parent differs from me on this.

[00:21:39] This is how I'm thinking about it.

[00:21:41] Or to say, no, I, you know, I use the child support money to buy

[00:21:47] you clothes and to do other things that support us having a good life together.

[00:21:51] As you know, I don't go on vacations all by myself, you know,

[00:21:55] things like that, and I think it's really helpful to focus on what

[00:21:59] children are feeling.

[00:22:00] So instead of trying to explain or deny things to say, hmm, how does

[00:22:07] how do you feel about that?

[00:22:09] What's it like for you to hear from that from Dad?

[00:22:12] You know, we can't stop Dad from saying those things, but let's talk

[00:22:15] about what could be helpful for you.

[00:22:17] And of course, it depends upon the age of the child, right?

[00:22:19] In terms of how to do that.

[00:22:20] I've also known people who have decided that their children

[00:22:23] benefit from therapy too, but then that can also get complicated if

[00:22:27] the other parent wants to be part of it.

[00:22:29] So there are no hard and fast rules about this.

[00:22:32] You really kind of have to work it out for yourself, and that can be very

[00:22:36] frustrating, but having a supportive therapist or other supportive people

[00:22:40] around you to kind of talk to about that is really helpful.

[00:22:43] Yeah, definitely.

[00:22:44] And I just want to encourage all of the listeners too, that if you're in

[00:22:47] the situation doing the work on yourself is going to help your children as well,

[00:22:52] because the more you can stay emotionally regulated in those moments

[00:22:55] where maybe they're coming back after a handoff and they are completely

[00:22:59] dysregulated and they're all over the place and they've been holding in all

[00:23:02] of these emotions because it's not safe to express these emotions with

[00:23:06] the abusive parent, you know, you're the safe parent.

[00:23:09] And so when they come home, they might just completely explode

[00:23:12] and unleash all of these emotions that they've been holding in the whole time.

[00:23:16] That the more you can stay grounded, the more that you can stay calm,

[00:23:21] the more that you can stay empathetic, the better, because then it'll allow you

[00:23:26] to provide your child with that safe space to allow them to feel those

[00:23:31] emotions, to maybe process those emotions with you when they're calm,

[00:23:35] and then to talk about what would feel most supportive for them in those

[00:23:38] moments when they come back.

[00:23:39] Like how can you make the transition a little bit easier?

[00:23:42] Because I know that that's like a big thing that a lot of people struggle

[00:23:44] with as well, so.

[00:23:45] Totally agree.

[00:23:47] Yes, because it's really difficult to

[00:23:49] for children in terms of adjusting to such different households,

[00:23:53] oftentimes, and the tensions and so forth.

[00:23:56] I've often heard people say that it takes a couple of days before things

[00:24:00] are kind of back to normal with them.

[00:24:02] Another thing I would add is it can be really difficult if a child is

[00:24:07] mimicking, parroting what the abusive parent is saying.

[00:24:11] It can be really difficult because it feels like, oh, another abuser.

[00:24:15] No, your child is not abusive.

[00:24:17] Your child has learned.

[00:24:20] And in fact, maybe that's a survival technique.

[00:24:22] If you have to think about it that way, it's like they,

[00:24:25] you know how difficult it is to stand up for yourself.

[00:24:28] Expecting a child to do that

[00:24:30] in another home with that parent is impossible or really, really difficult.

[00:24:35] So understanding that, yes, they're parroting.

[00:24:38] And then what's important just to say,

[00:24:40] I'm not OK with how you just express that.

[00:24:43] Here's another way that I could hear it better.

[00:24:45] You know, those kinds of things.

[00:24:47] Instead of getting extremely angry or accusing them of being abusive.

[00:24:51] Yes, because you're right.

[00:24:52] The child might feel like the only way to minimize the abuse of the abusive

[00:24:56] parent, right, because we know that there's still obviously going to be a

[00:24:59] dynamic there between the parent and the abusive parent and the child as well

[00:25:03] is if I'm more like them, then they'll stop abusing me.

[00:25:07] Right. Like they think that it'll get better.

[00:25:09] So this is so helpful.

[00:25:11] And so I guess my next question is from a longer term perspective,

[00:25:16] how can women begin to build that resilience to pick themselves back up and move on?

[00:25:23] Right. Because I think that a lot of times they might get out of these

[00:25:25] relationships and they still sort of live a little bit in the past.

[00:25:28] Right. Like reliving a lot of the past of like what has happened.

[00:25:32] And there can be a lot of trepidation and fear of, oh my God,

[00:25:35] this might repeat again if I were to meet somebody new.

[00:25:38] Like, how do they begin to break out of that?

[00:25:40] I want to say like almost a cocoon, right?

[00:25:42] Because they kind of go into this cocoon phase of maybe focusing more on

[00:25:45] themselves, maybe trying to insulate themselves from the abuse, from the

[00:25:49] dynamics, from everything else going on, maybe even like you mentioned,

[00:25:52] like isolating a little bit more from their friends and family until they feel

[00:25:55] stronger, feel more confident talking about it.

[00:25:58] So longer term, like how do they start to build back that resilience and their

[00:26:03] courage and their confidence and their self worth even that might have been whittled away?

[00:26:07] Well, I think this is where it's really important to work on

[00:26:11] regulating their emotions and learning skills in terms of, I call them mind mastery

[00:26:16] skills, like learning self enhancing talk that they say to themselves,

[00:26:21] recognizing their achievements because frequently it's like we only focus on the

[00:26:26] negative, right? I mean, we all tend to do that more than the positive.

[00:26:30] And to really recognize the things that they're doing.

[00:26:32] I really, therapists, that's an important role that they play is to notice those

[00:26:36] things that, oh yeah, I guess that is true.

[00:26:39] Or to go back over what their goals were before and what the progress is.

[00:26:43] And that kind of helps people to recognize that and builds their resilience.

[00:26:48] I think that learning about what are the instilled beliefs,

[00:26:53] what did I begin to believe because of what happened in my relationship?

[00:26:57] Really recognizing those things, you know, recognizing for some people it's

[00:27:01] like the world isn't a safe place, so I have to constantly be hyper vigilant.

[00:27:05] And for others, it might be, I can't trust myself to know whether this is a good

[00:27:10] relationship or not, to know whether or not this person is going to be abusive.

[00:27:14] And so to begin to look at those beliefs and what's the evidence for that?

[00:27:19] What have they learned since getting out of that relationship?

[00:27:23] What have they learned about themselves?

[00:27:25] What have they learned to recognize and to just begin to trust themselves

[00:27:29] with that and to take it slowly?

[00:27:32] I think when you're first beginning to date or to meet new people, it's important

[00:27:36] to certainly not leap into a relationship.

[00:27:39] I'm not saying that all those relationships don't work out,

[00:27:42] but that is a huge tactic of someone who is going to be coercive,

[00:27:48] really controlling if they're in a big hurry to escalate a relationship,

[00:27:52] like to be really intimate right away.

[00:27:54] And so you get to take your time.

[00:27:56] You have the right to do that.

[00:27:57] And if someone is saying, oh, there's something wrong with you.

[00:28:02] That's a huge red flag.

[00:28:03] If that person cannot respect what you need, how you need to do it,

[00:28:08] then that's a huge red flag.

[00:28:09] Yeah. I mean, I would also say that, you know, working on boundary setting

[00:28:13] can be really important too, because I feel like oftentimes the women that get

[00:28:17] into these relationships, they already struggle with boundaries probably

[00:28:20] before they got into the relationship and then they don't really have them

[00:28:23] during the relationship. So even coming out of it, it's like finding the courage

[00:28:27] to set those boundaries that you need to set to keep yourself safe

[00:28:32] are really important.

[00:28:33] And so some of those boundaries are not always external,

[00:28:35] they're also internal, right?

[00:28:37] So like you said, like allowing yourself that time and that space,

[00:28:41] I feel like getting to know and date yourself first

[00:28:44] before you get into another relationship is really important.

[00:28:48] So it's important that you know what you need, what you want,

[00:28:51] what you won't tolerate, what you're not going to settle for

[00:28:54] before you get swept up into another relationship where maybe it feels

[00:28:57] really good in the beginning because there's love bombing happening

[00:29:00] and they're very charming and all the love chemicals

[00:29:04] and neurotransmitters that are happening in the brain

[00:29:06] that feel really, really good.

[00:29:07] But sometimes when we're in that seat, our ability to be

[00:29:11] in our prefrontal cortex to accept or reject what's happening

[00:29:14] or to really be aware of those red flags,

[00:29:17] we can miss them because we're so caught up in the feelings of it all.

[00:29:22] Right. So remember to wait for conflict as inevitable.

[00:29:27] I'm not talking about physical fights or anything,

[00:29:30] but disagreement or maybe you'd rather do this

[00:29:33] and that other person would rather do that.

[00:29:35] How is that conflict is handled?

[00:29:37] And initially we don't tend to have that as much,

[00:29:40] particularly if there's love bombing going on.

[00:29:42] So give the relationship some time so that you know,

[00:29:45] how does that person handle disagreements?

[00:29:48] How do you work together on solving a problem?

[00:29:50] That kind of thing.

[00:29:51] And I guarantee that if you're with somebody who's trying to

[00:29:54] force intimacy sooner, right?

[00:29:56] Or trying to get the relationship to become very serious very quickly.

[00:29:59] If you're good at setting boundaries

[00:30:01] and you're setting boundaries of like,

[00:30:03] no, I need to go be with my friends tonight

[00:30:05] or I'm going to stay home and be by myself and just watch a movie and relax.

[00:30:09] The minute you start setting those boundaries,

[00:30:11] if you notice that they're not reacting to it in a way that

[00:30:15] is respectful of your boundaries and they're giving you a hard time,

[00:30:18] that's going to be a huge red flag.

[00:30:21] Absolutely.

[00:30:22] And I'm glad you brought up boundaries

[00:30:23] because that's another example of a belief that you might have begun to have

[00:30:28] that you don't have the right to set boundaries,

[00:30:30] that it's somehow rude to set a boundary or something like that.

[00:30:34] Yes. Or just using your voice, right?

[00:30:36] Like a lot of women might feel like that's not appropriate for me to use

[00:30:40] my voice to speak up for what I need, to speak up for what I want.

[00:30:43] And that's all part of boundary setting too, right?

[00:30:46] Is being able to communicate those things in a way of someone does

[00:30:49] something and it's hurtful towards you.

[00:30:51] You can say, when you said that I felt hurt.

[00:30:54] And if you had said it this way, then maybe I wouldn't have,

[00:30:57] maybe it would have gone differently or maybe we could have had a conversation

[00:30:59] about it or maybe we could have discussed it or whatever it might have been,

[00:31:02] depending on the situation, of course.

[00:31:04] And how that person responds to it.

[00:31:06] So being able to know that you have a right to set a boundary and then

[00:31:09] learning that it's OK to assert that boundary.

[00:31:12] Assertiveness is not aggression.

[00:31:14] And that's another huge red flag.

[00:31:16] If you're being assertive and you're sure you're being assertive

[00:31:19] and the other person calls it aggressive.

[00:31:21] Oh, then I don't have the right to be who I am or to say my thing without it

[00:31:27] somehow feeling like I'm taking advantage of you because that's a huge belief

[00:31:31] of course of controllers is that if you're being if you're saying something

[00:31:36] different or you're getting what you want, somehow that's controlling them.

[00:31:40] Yeah, that's it's such a mind bending experience oftentimes for sure.

[00:31:46] So, yeah, and I think that sometimes we can set a boundary and we might back

[00:31:50] down very quickly if there is an escalation of someone else's emotions

[00:31:55] around it that we can very much back down because we feel like, oh,

[00:31:59] I want to keep the peace. I don't want to rock the boat.

[00:32:01] I don't want to deal with the repercussions of an emotional outburst

[00:32:06] that makes me feel uncomfortable.

[00:32:07] So I think that a lot that we have to do the work to be comfortable

[00:32:11] with only taking responsibility for our emotions and not taking responsibility

[00:32:17] for someone else's emotions that could cause us to as a result back down

[00:32:21] on the boundaries that we're setting their emotions or their responsibility

[00:32:25] to deal with and to handle, not ours.

[00:32:27] Very important, very important.

[00:32:29] And I might just add so you if you are in a new relationship,

[00:32:34] you know, whether it's a friendship or whatever, and that is happening.

[00:32:38] Responding that way is just going

[00:32:40] to begin something that's going to continue.

[00:32:42] So thinking about is that really how I want to be in a relationship?

[00:32:46] Is that how I want to relate to people?

[00:32:48] But then I also want to just acknowledge

[00:32:50] that if it happens to be something where you really do feel like your

[00:32:53] safety is threatened, it's OK to choose to be passive.

[00:32:57] But then to end that relationship,

[00:32:59] to set a boundary when you do feel safe.

[00:33:01] Oh, my God, that's such a good point because you don't want to keep

[00:33:04] asserting and reaffirming your boundaries if it's going to lead

[00:33:07] to an unsafe situation for sure.

[00:33:09] Yes. And then you can set your boundaries around how much time and energy you

[00:33:12] give to that relationship thereafter once you've got distance between you.

[00:33:16] So I think another part of this is also being able to cultivate more

[00:33:19] of your own self-love as well, because I think a lot of times we end up

[00:33:24] in these coercive relationships because maybe potentially we don't love ourselves

[00:33:29] as much as we should or we could.

[00:33:32] And that other person who might be showing love towards us,

[00:33:35] even if it's in an abusive way,

[00:33:37] in some ways, in the beginning of the relationship, it sort of fills that hole

[00:33:40] for a while until it doesn't anymore.

[00:33:43] And then those holes get bigger over time because then you start to,

[00:33:47] if you're hearing this abusive person telling you about all the things

[00:33:49] that you're not good at or that you're not this and you don't,

[00:33:52] you're not beautiful enough and you're not thin enough and you're not,

[00:33:55] all these things can sort of start to eat away at that.

[00:33:58] Yeah, things that tear you down.

[00:34:00] So even if you started out feeling pretty good about yourself,

[00:34:03] that can happen during the course of a relationship.

[00:34:06] But certainly if you enter, then they use that,

[00:34:09] they take advantage of that vulnerability.

[00:34:11] So yes, working on seeing, loving yourself is like,

[00:34:15] that's the most important thing in the world.

[00:34:18] And it does not mean you're selfish.

[00:34:20] It does not mean you're self-centered either.

[00:34:23] It's important to think well of ourselves.

[00:34:26] And that doesn't mean, you know,

[00:34:28] maybe we have some things we'd like to change, whatever that might be,

[00:34:31] but we can still love ourselves.

[00:34:32] I was just reading something today,

[00:34:34] an inspirational book that I have on loving your body.

[00:34:38] Even if, you know, you kind of wish that you,

[00:34:40] you want to lose a little bit of weight or you want to do something or other,

[00:34:44] you can still love your body.

[00:34:45] And that's a huge problem for many people,

[00:34:48] for probably a lot of us.

[00:34:49] And we can see why because we get all kinds of messages through the media,

[00:34:54] if not through our relationship.

[00:34:56] So loving yourself is really important.

[00:34:57] Being kind to yourself, you know,

[00:35:00] would you really say some of the things

[00:35:01] that you say in your head to your friends?

[00:35:04] Probably not.

[00:35:05] No.

[00:35:08] Definitely not, no.

[00:35:10] Yeah, being kind.

[00:35:12] We can't know what we don't know,

[00:35:13] so stop shaming yourself for getting into that relationship in the first place

[00:35:18] because first of all, they probably didn't show it to you right away.

[00:35:22] And second of all, you know, that's how we learn.

[00:35:24] We learn from our mistakes.

[00:35:26] We learn from our life experiences.

[00:35:29] Be kind.

[00:35:30] Yeah.

[00:35:30] And I think sometimes like looking back on patterns of relationships,

[00:35:33] you might notice that maybe there was a theme of these types of relationships

[00:35:36] that you've gotten into time and time again.

[00:35:38] But it's not until you have the awareness,

[00:35:41] you know, maybe that you have at this moment

[00:35:43] that you can then make a different choice and a different decision going forward.

[00:35:47] So there's no point in beating yourself up over it.

[00:35:49] It's just the lesson is going to happen when it happens.

[00:35:52] And when it happens, then you can choose something different

[00:35:55] and you can move forward and you can stop beating yourself up over it.

[00:35:58] And you get to then change the trajectory of your life from that point forward.

[00:36:02] And that's a beautiful thing.

[00:36:04] Yeah, and being able to pin your hope onto a better future

[00:36:09] than what maybe you've experienced in the past

[00:36:11] and allow that to pull you forward as opposed to harkening on what has happened before.

[00:36:16] Exactly.

[00:36:17] I know I've had people that I worked with say that it was really important to them

[00:36:21] to hear not just story.

[00:36:23] I mean, it's important for them to know that the same things happen to other people,

[00:36:27] but to hear people's success stories.

[00:36:29] And so you can look for those as well

[00:36:32] because there are a lot of success stories.

[00:36:34] There are people who are able to create the lives they want,

[00:36:38] even though maybe their ex partner is still being abusive.

[00:36:41] So that's important to have that hopefulness.

[00:36:45] And of course, just having other people encourage and support you in that.

[00:36:48] Yeah. So I just want to say one thing.

[00:36:50] I feel like there's a lot of online communities

[00:36:53] where you can maybe find some support as well,

[00:36:55] in addition to getting professional support from a therapist or a coach.

[00:36:58] But I would also just caution because I've been a part of some of these communities

[00:37:02] where you probably might want to consider setting an internal boundary

[00:37:05] around how often you're participating in that community

[00:37:08] because there can also be a lot of women in there who are venting.

[00:37:11] And you're just hearing all the negative all the time,

[00:37:13] hearing all the negative.

[00:37:14] So just be mindful of how much you're taking in from the outside world

[00:37:19] about other people's experiences.

[00:37:21] Yes, it's good to have validation,

[00:37:23] but at the same time, make sure that you are also getting those glimmers

[00:37:26] like you're talking about of those success stories

[00:37:28] or those positive or inspiring stories of women who've gone through

[00:37:31] and pulled through and now are creating a life that they love on the other side.

[00:37:35] I agree. You know, it's a stage that we do need to be heard.

[00:37:39] It's helpful to be heard and to be able to say our piece.

[00:37:43] But if we stay there, that's too much.

[00:37:45] That's not going to carry us forward.

[00:37:47] So I think that the success stories often come from reading books

[00:37:51] and that kind of thing, maybe blogs, maybe a little bit more,

[00:37:55] because not to put people down when they need to do that,

[00:37:57] but that's not the stage that you're at.

[00:38:00] You need to move on to the next stage.

[00:38:02] Yes. And Jennifer, you have a blog, right?

[00:38:05] I do have a blog. Yes.

[00:38:06] Yes, I do.

[00:38:07] You can go to my website and subscribe to my blog.

[00:38:11] I do that monthly.

[00:38:12] I also include a newsletter that has resources such as your podcast,

[00:38:17] for instance, other things that I find that I think could be helpful

[00:38:20] to both survivors and also those who work with them.

[00:38:23] Amazing. Before we end our conversation today,

[00:38:25] is there anything else that you think might be really helpful

[00:38:28] or pertinent for our listeners to hear from you

[00:38:30] about how to become more resilient

[00:38:32] and how to come through in a successful way

[00:38:36] from these relationships where they can start to live

[00:38:39] a better, more positive life going forward?

[00:38:42] Well, the thing that just came to me was

[00:38:45] when you said to become more resilient.

[00:38:47] I think first of all, recognizing how resilient they've been,

[00:38:50] and it might not feel that way to them, but think about it.

[00:38:53] So when you get in a relationship,

[00:38:56] it's important to give the other person the benefit of the doubt.

[00:38:59] It's important to cooperate.

[00:39:01] It's important to expect that they have your best interest at heart

[00:39:06] until they show that they don't.

[00:39:09] Identifying that, OK, I gave them the benefit of the doubt

[00:39:12] when it first started to happen and then it can become more difficult.

[00:39:16] That wasn't a bad thing.

[00:39:17] That is the strength of being in a healthy relationship.

[00:39:20] However, when someone is willing to exert power and control

[00:39:25] and to take advantage of that and it isn't mutual,

[00:39:29] they don't do it in return, then you can learn from that.

[00:39:33] But it was a resilient strategy to begin with.

[00:39:36] Listening to podcasts, reading books,

[00:39:38] those are all resilient strategies.

[00:39:40] Reaching out for help, telling maybe a family member or friend

[00:39:44] expecting to get some support.

[00:39:46] Even if they don't give you that support,

[00:39:47] that was a resilient strategy for people who feel the need to call the police.

[00:39:52] That's a resilient strategy.

[00:39:54] And then there are these things that you learned

[00:39:57] that we've been talking about today that continue to build that resilience.

[00:40:01] But I want people to know that,

[00:40:03] to recognize that they did have some things.

[00:40:05] It's not like they didn't in the beginning.

[00:40:08] The fact that they kept going, right?

[00:40:10] And they found a way out, whether it took five years, ten years,

[00:40:14] two years, six months, whatever it may be, doesn't matter.

[00:40:17] I've read some stuff on transitioning, any kind of change.

[00:40:21] It often takes five years or more.

[00:40:24] And I'm not just talking about leaving an abusive relationship.

[00:40:27] So I like to kind of normalize that.

[00:40:29] And especially when people are throwing confusing things at you

[00:40:33] and undermining your self-esteem,

[00:40:35] that makes it all the more difficult.

[00:40:36] And I think that there's even a statistic that says

[00:40:38] that it takes women about seven to eight times

[00:40:41] to get out of an abusive relationship.

[00:40:42] And there's no time frame linked to that.

[00:40:45] So whether that's over ten years, thirty years,

[00:40:48] six years, whatever it is, it doesn't matter.

[00:40:50] But it's so hard and it's not easy.

[00:40:52] So the fact that you're listening to even this podcast,

[00:40:55] this conversation,

[00:40:56] proves that you've got evidence to your mind

[00:40:59] that you are resilient and you are taking steps forward.

[00:41:02] And even to your point, Jennifer,

[00:41:04] at the beginning of this conversation,

[00:41:05] even if they're small baby steps,

[00:41:07] every little tiny baby step that you take makes a difference.

[00:41:11] One step at a time. That's all we can do.

[00:41:13] It's all we can do.

[00:41:14] Thank you so much, Jennifer.

[00:41:16] This has been such a great conversation

[00:41:18] and you gave us so many great tips and tools and strategies

[00:41:21] that I know are going to be super, super helpful for our audience.

[00:41:24] And I really appreciate you.

[00:41:26] I appreciate the work that you're doing in this world.

[00:41:28] If you have not already read Jennifer's book,

[00:41:31] if you've listened to the previous episode

[00:41:32] and maybe you purchased it already and you have read it,

[00:41:34] but if you haven't,

[00:41:35] I highly, highly encourage you to go out there

[00:41:37] and grab yourself a copy, read her book.

[00:41:40] It is full of information and resources and validation.

[00:41:43] And she's offering listeners 20% off of her incredible book.

[00:41:47] So we will have that link for you in the show notes.

[00:41:49] Be sure to make sure you check it out.

[00:41:51] Thank you, Jennifer.

[00:41:52] Thank you for having me.

[00:41:53] Until next week, everyone be well.

[00:41:56] Thank you for tuning in to Awaken Her.

[00:41:58] Today's conversation may have ended,

[00:42:00] but your journey towards healing and empowerment is ongoing.

[00:42:04] Remember, every challenge you face

[00:42:06] is an opportunity to grow stronger and more resilient.

[00:42:09] If our stories today inspired you,

[00:42:11] consider sharing this episode

[00:42:13] with someone who needs these empowering messages.

[00:42:16] I'm Charissa Stepp, cheering you on as you take the steps

[00:42:19] to heal, grow and transform your life.

[00:42:21] Keep believing in yourself and until next time, stay empowered.